5 Ways of St. Thomas Free Essays

First Way: The Argument From Motion St. Thomas Aquinas, considering crafted by the Greek philsopher Aristotle, closed from regular perception that an item that is moving (e. g. We will compose a custom article test on 5 Ways of St. Thomas or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now the planets, a drifter) is placed moving by some other item or power. From this, Aquinas accepts that at last there more likely than not been an UNMOVED MOVER (GOD) who previously put things moving. Follow the agrument along these lines: 1) Nothing can move itself. 2) If each item moving had a mover, at that point the principal object moving required a mover. 3) This first mover is the Unmoved Mover, called God. Second Way: Causation Of Existence Along these lines manages the issue of presence. Aquinas reasoned that presence of mind perception discloses to us that no item makes itself. At the end of the day, some past article needed to make it. Aquinas accepted that at last there more likely than not been an UNCAUSED FIRST CAUSE (GOD) who started the chain of presence for all things. Follow the agrument along these lines: 1) There exists things that are caused (made) by different things. 2) Nothing can be simply the reason (nothing can make itself. ) 3) There can not be an interminable series of articles making different items exist. 4) Therefore, ther must be an uncaused first reason called God. Third Way: Contingent and Neccessary Objects This Way characterizes two kinds of items known to mankind: unexpected creatures and essential creatures. An unforeseen being is an article that can not exist without a fundamental being causing its reality. Aquinas accepted that the presence of unforeseen creatures would eventually neccesitate a being which must exist for the entirety of the unexpected creatures to exist. This being, called an important being, is the thing that we call God. Follow the contention along these lines: 1) Contingent creatures are caused. 2) Not each being can be unforeseen. 3) There must exist a being which is important to cause unforeseen creatures. ) This vital being is God. Fourth Way: The Agrument From Degrees And Perfection St. Thomas defined along these lines from an exceptionally fascinating perception about the characteristics of things. For instance one may state that of two marble scultures one is more excellent than the other. So for these two a rticles, one has a more noteworthy level of magnificence than the following. This is alluded to as degrees or degree of a quality. From this reality Aquinas reasoned that for some random quality (e. g. goodness, excellence, information) there must be an ideal standard by which every such quality are estimated. These idealizations are contained in God. Fifth Way: The Agrument From Intelligent Design The last Way that St. Thomas Aquinas talks about has to do with the perceptible universe and the request for nature. Aquinas expresses that sound judgment reveals to us that the universe works in such a manner, that one can reason that is was structured by an astute planner, God. At the end of the day, every single physical law and the request for nature and life were planned and requested by God, the intellgent creator. An increasingly complete clarification of St. Thomas’ Fifth Way about God as Intelligent Designer can be seen on my site page devoted to Paley’s Teleological Argument. Step by step instructions to refer to 5 Ways of St. Thomas, Papers

Stella McCartney free essay sample

Stella McCartney is a long-life veggie lover and a basic entitlements dissident, which is obvious in her plans as she doesn't utilize any calfskin or hide in her structures. Stella’s style is exquisite and ladylike, yet her style likewise includes power dressing, with womens suits, solid coats and female underwear. Her structures center intensely around stressing solid prints, for example, panther and botanical. There is a ladylike, student contact to her structures, as she incorporates loveheart prints and lips. Huge numbers of her plans, for example, in the Spring 2014 assortment, have solid structures, and the general outline for most structures, is pointed hardened shoulders, with a straight dress or jeans, similar to one long square shape. A few structures have an hourglass outline, as the skirt is more full and the midsection is meager, with firm shoulders. In this assortment, she utilizes profound mustards and dim earthy colors, pale creams, and reds for the flower structures, unobtrusive pinks and yellows, splendid oranges, and blacks with dim greens and blues. We will compose a custom paper test on Stella McCartney or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Stella has utilized phony calfskins, sewed fleece, cotton/polyester, and silks in this assortment. There is a scope of surfaces utilized in this assortment. The phony calfskins would have a rubbery surface and the print utilized on them would make an uneven surface, while the botanical cotton/polyester structures would be a delicate and smooth surface. The pieces of clothing with prints would be smooth with a harsh surface where the print is, while her plans with applique and globules would be unpleasant and rough. Her plans are ‘ready to wear’ articles of clothing for ladies, childrens attire, and undergarments. Her underwear is female and unimposing. The clothing and bras are revolved around multifaceted botanical trim that is sheer and sensitive. Stella utilizes fundamentally glossy silk and ribbon in structuring her underwear range, and a few plans, for example, the bedwear, are produced using cotton and polyester. A large number of her underwear plans, are strong hues, for example, light pinks, apple greens and oranges, while others are shades, for example, pale metallic aquas. She obviously utilizes blacks and whites in her hotter undergarments and bedwear. The surfaces utilized in these structures incorporate a harsh surface for the ribbon plans, and a smooth surface in the structures produced using glossy silk. The bed wear unmentionables would have a smooth cotton surface. 3. Inner Factors: Expertise: Stella made her first coat at age 16, on her sewing machine at home and at age 19, she turned into an assistant for Christian Lacroix, and began building her aptitudes working for her dads Savile Row Tailor for a couple of years. She moved on from Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication, and had her first graduation assortment in the wake of completing style structure at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. Her assortment was demonstrated by companions and supermodels at the graduation runway appear. Stella increased a considerable lot of her aptitude while working at French style house ‘Chloe’ and later increased an organization with ‘Gucci’ where she propelled her own design house. Offices: In the beginning, Stella just made them sew machine as a youth, yet by the age 19 she was working in a studio for Christian Lacroix, which implied she approached an excessive amount of greater gear and space, for example, modern sewing machines, overlockers, texture cutters and more excellent apparatuses, for example, irons and scissors. She propelled her own design house under her name in a joint endeavor with Gucci. She as of now works with the NRDC(Natural Resources Defense Council), and bringing in texture from plants in italy. Stella is situated in Haywards Heath, UK which she works from and has individuals working for her. She works in 17 detached stores in Paris’ Palais Royal, Barcelona’s Passeig de Gracia, Milan, Rome, Miama, Manhattan’s Soho, and LA’s West Hollywood. She as of now disperses to more than 50 nations in claim to fame shops and retail establishments Monetary: Stella was naturally introduced to the group of Beatles Bassist Paul McCartney, so she was at that point in an incredible money related circumstance. Her monetary circumstance blasted when she made headline news for her graduation assortment, and offered the whole assortment to Tokio, a London Boutique. In 2001, the organizations deals rose to 19 percent. Stella McCartneys company;s benefits expanded 0. 5 percent to ? 2. 9 million, which the companys all out deals rose to ? 21 Million. As Stella McCartneys brand extends around the world, her budgetary circumstance. Stella lives in a townhouse in West London, which she is selling for ? 2. 9 million, anyway it appears this cost is excessively high, as she needed to bring down the cost to ? 2. 5 million, due to the absence of purchasers. Outside: Economic: Stella McCartney has taken a solid biological position against the utilization of creature items in her design. Being raised as a veggie lover, she is emphatically against utilizing cowhide and hide, and slaughtering creatures for style. Stella has confidence in moral creation of her materials, and she joined the Ethical Trading Initiative. She accepts that so as to deliver economical and moral style, there must be an improvement in the manner in which the material business fabricates textures. Stella collaborated with associations like the National Resources Defense Council on its Clean by Design Program, which manages working with individuals making the items, for example, the material plants. Stella doesn’t make her own textures, so she is constrained in the natural ranges available. She attempts to utilize natural textures and low-sway colors, however a considerable lot of the colors dont accomplish the ideal outcome. Stella created her own fragrance, and has a solid biological position against testing on creatures, which implies she needed to combine up with an organization which was likewise not against testing on creatures. A significant number of stellas stores are additionally wind fueled, which likewise obviously speaks to her solid will to spare nature. Political: Through Stellas attire, she has a solid political proclamation against issues like creature remorselessness, slave work and ensuring nature. Stella gives her perspectives on these subjects by utilizing natural textures, not made in sweatshops, and doesn't utilize calfskin or some other creature items. Political connections between European nations such an Italy stay stable which aids her creation and advertising of her Products. Political relations between the nations she has stores in are steady, for example, China. Social: There are numerous cultural effects on Stella. Her scope of attire targets individuals in the public arena that have confidence in practical apparel and moral treatment of creatures and individuals. She targets female ladies who appreciate extravagant things, without the blame of realizing a creatures been hurt, or the situations been harmed. She utilizes counterfeit calfskin and hide to engage her intended interest group, and furthermore utilizes common and supportable textures to additionally target ladies who share indistinguishable convictions and morals from her. She allows ladies to feel great wearing her natural attire. She additionally gives another option, as certain individuals feel that so as to wear natural and reasonable dress, there is just the choice of loose hemp design. Stella has demonstrated that there is an approach to be both upscale and feasible and has engaged a wide assortment of youthful and elderly people ladies. Mechanical: Technology has hugy affected Stella’s style vocation. She as of late banded together up with Adidas, and has made a voluminous Run coat that keeps you outside and preparing even in the harshest climate. This coat has a worked in Climaproof climate security which goes about as a hindrance in storm conditions. Internal heat level is upgraded with expanded breathability. New textures such Techfit are utilized in this outfit. Techfit is a body embracing tricot texture with polyurethane tape that shape the body. This texture assists with holding stance and supports muscles, making it the ideal exercise outfit. New innovation is likewise utilized on the shoes, for example, an open-cell safeguard, and ‘Sprintframe’ innovation which is structure that take into consideration a lighter, more grounded shoe which keeps up ideal soundness. The utilization of the web has bigly affected Stella’s Fashion line as she can all around sell items and show plans, increasing universal achievement. Stella works with bleeding edge sports execution innovation in the production of the adidas line. 4. Stella is frequently affected by current patterns in the public eye, for example, her utilization of pastel pinks in her Winter 2014 line. This pattern has affected her structures intensely, as the idea of girliness is clear all through this assortment. She consolidates pastel hues, combined with female blossom examples to make the vibe of this pattern in the public eye. The pattern of ‘vintage’ in more youthful ladies has influenced stella, and this pattern is evident additionally in the female blossom plans that speak to the vintage look. A conspicuous pattern that is a major piece of stellas assortments is the utilization of phony calfskin and hide, and not testing on or utilizing creatures in any case. Having manageable apparel that keeps going is additionally a major pattern as individuals become progressively taught on the utilization and production of certain unreasonable textures and our amassing land fills. This pattern anyway affects Stella’s assortment of texture she can utilize. In her Spring 2014 line, she utilizes textures that have panther prints on them and look like calfskin, anyway the texture utilized is a phony cowhide and no creatures were hurt in the assembling. Stella’s utilization of manageable textures has likewise started a precedent in the style world for different architects to begin contemplating the results of their production on the regular habitat. Her aroma, is carefully no creature testing, which claims to a wide assortment of ladies, and further starting a precedent in the scent business to

What to expect when youre expecting CPW

What to expect when you’re expecting CPW Since nearly two-thirds of the admitted students are attending Campus Preview Weekend (CPW), I figured it would be worthwhile to spend a little time helping to set expectations for the weekend. Because CPW is such a big MIT event, theres a lot of hype, rumor, and mythology surrounding it, and I hope I can give you a better sense of what to really expect, and what not to expect. Your host: Theres no one standard for hosting. Some hosts are very hands-on, being excited to be with you the entire weekend. Others are more like guides: being willing to give lots of advice, showing you around to some extent, but also giving a lot of freedom for you to explore on your own. You may want to talk with your host about your needs for the weekend, the help that youd like, and to what extent youre looking to explore on your own.A team of admissions staff and MIT students spent much of last week trying our best to find every one of you a well-matched host for the weekend. Like online dating, sometimes the match is perfect, but more often its just pretty good, and occasionally horrible. Weve done our best to make mitHarmony. If you find that you and your host are not a good match, dont suffer through it please let us know, we do have backup hosts. The CPW Weather Machine: One part of CPW mythology is the Weather Machine that somehow, the weather during CPW seems to be much nicer than the days around it. It would be nice if it were true, wouldnt it?You should definitely keep your eye on the weather forecast as you pack for the weekend. Right now, it looks like the CPW Weather Machine may actually work, especially Friday, but theres a slight chance of rain Saturday and may be a little chilly Sunday (that might just give you more incentive to explore MITs extensive tunnel system). CPW isnt real: An oft-cited criticism of CPW is that it isnt representative of a typical weekend at MIT. It is true that CPW isnt a typical weekend, but as long as you understand that coming in to the weekend, I think you can learn a lot. That being said, CPW is far from fake actually, it is the true MIT, in a supersaturated form.Think about it this way: there are 400+ student activity groups on campus, 40+ living groups, 30+ academic departments, and more than 3 dozen varsity sports. They know that a substantial portion of the Class of 2013 will be on campus, so it would actually be pretty irresponsible if all of these groups didnt have events. CPW isnt jam-packed with events to fool you its jam packed events because so many groups at MIT are excited about your presence. What you wont see: There are a number of aspects of life that youre less likely to see during CPW. For example, you probably wont see much in the way of tooling, of students working on problem sets. For sure, it will be happening, but many students will try to organize their week such that their studying is done before you arrive, or while youre at other events. Again, thats not to hide this aspect of MIT, but rather its part of being a gracious host: making time for your guests.While youll have lots of opportunities on Thursday and Friday to see classes, youll have fewer opportunities to see labs. In part, this is because labs are not designed for large numbers of visitors, and in part because research is going on all the time. We will offer UROP tours (sign up at CPW headquarters), and your hosts and hosts friends will be a great resource in showing off their labs, but your relatively brief visit to the labs greatly underrepresents the importance of undergraduate research at MIT. Similarly, you may or may not have the opportunity to have one of those real great conversations with professors. If it doesnt happen, dont be too disappointed; youre only here for two class days. When youre at MIT, youll have many more opportunities to have meaningful interaction with faculty, in the classroom, in the lab, in the dining hall, athletic center, wherever. (A couple neat opportunities to chat with faculty: Dinner with Professors at TEP on Friday night [including Gerry Sussman and Scott Hughes], and the Professor Talent Show Saturday afternoon [including Hazel Sive and Sarah Brouillette].) And, of course, you wont get to see all of the date-specific events from the rest of the year, like Mystery Hunt, Ring Premiere, International Fair, Steer Roast, IAP, the 2.007 finals, etc. Over-hype: After all this build-up, its inevitable that every year, some folks come back from CPW disappointed. And if you dont have ZOMGthetimeofmylife!!11!1!, that doesnt necessarily mean MIT isnt the right place for you. For some people, things dont click immediately, and thats okay. Just be sure to keep your eyes peeled for whats important to you in a college, and do your best to seperate that from other extraneous stuff. Parents: Ill let Kims recent entry cover this I know weve all been throwing advice at you left and right lately, but above all know this: were all really excited to see 1,000+ of you really soon! Ill see you at the Registration Desk, or Meet the Bloggers on Friday evening, or at the CPW Closing

Essay about Architecture and Insecurity - 3226 Words

Architecture and Insecurity An Analysis of Architecture as Metapho in WG Sebald’s Austerlitz Deyan Sudjic, journalist for the New York Times, writes in his discussion of the potential Freedom Tower meant to replace the cavernous holes that mark where the twin towers once stood: Clearly, there is a psychological parallel between making a mark on the landscape and the exercise of political power†¦both depend on the imposition of will†¦and among the dictatorial†¦there is an inherent appeal in seeing one’s worldview confirmed by reducing entire cities to the scale of a doll’s house (par. 6). Symbolism and architecture often go hand in hand. Like almost every work of art, critics and audiences attempt to read something deeper, to find†¦show more content†¦In actuality, as revealed through viewpoint of the character Austerlitz, the 19th century encapsulated â€Å"the architectural style of the capitalist era†¦the compulsive sense of order and the tendency towards monumentalism evident in law courts and penal institutions, railway stations and stock exchanges, opera houses and lunatic asylums, and the dwelling build to rectangular grid patterns for the labor force† (33). The Palace of Justice in Brussels presents a perfect example of Imperialist Architecture. Built in the 1880s at the insistence of Brussels bourgeoisie, the Palace of Justice is the â€Å"largest accumulation of stone blocks anywhere in Europe† (29). Complete with hallways that lead nowhere, staircases that fall apart at the touch, and rooms that cannot be entered (quite literally, there are no doors—rooms without entry points are on blueprints and are simply walled-off during construction), the Palace symbolically represents the complicated nonsense of the imperial Europe. At a time when the major powers of Europe were competing with one another for colonies, raw materials for their newly industrialized factories, and subjects from which to collect taxes, buildings like the Palace of Justice sprung up everywhere in an attempt to impress and terrify. Rosalyn Deutsche notes that â€Å"architecture that adheresShow MoreRelatedSecureTek Security Design1243 Words   |  5 PagesSecureTek Security Design Security architecture is a major component and part of a system’s architecture and is usually designed to provide important guidance during the development of the system. 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New York’S Stop And Frisk Laws Started In 2004, Heightening

New York’s Stop and Frisk laws started in 2004, heightening racial profiling in the criminal justice system. Law enforcement supports these discriminatory acts by stating the population will benefit from New York’s Stop and Frisk, because the government will stop the crimes before they are committed. These stops are still denoted unconstitutional by the people. The government supports stop and frisk built on the fact that the new law stops crime however, it does not. Today, people are afraid of strolling along in their city due to the potential of unlawfully being searched based on the opinion of an officer assuming they look â€Å"suspicious†. Therefore, by comparing data presented by the NYPD with the notion of utter discrimination and†¦show more content†¦Based on the statistics of NYPD’s 2016 second quarterly reports, 1,862 people in the African American community are stopped versus 342 Caucasians (NYPD second quarter reports, 2016). Consequen tly, this implies policemen classify â€Å"blacks† as delinquent even though they are uninvolved in any unlawful acts the majority of the time. The product of racial discrimination furthers the understanding that the country still does not hold minorities equal next to the other ethnicities. This demonstrates just one example on how the Stop and Frisk law variously inflates negative predigest to further the understanding that â€Å"blacks† are synonymous with barbarous criminals. The law can halt people if they show signs of acting suspicious which is both subjective and illegitimate. When conducting a pursuit into searching someone, they must have probable cause; the government defends their search based on furtive movement. According an article in the Huffington Post written by Mathias, â€Å"In 2011, officers marked furtive movement as the justification for nearly 352,000 stops, over 50 percent of the total number of stops that year† (Mathias, 2015). The Stop and Frisk law has no definite description on what a â€Å"furtive movement† would be. This leads to an extremely malleable definition resulting in subjectivity by the officer. Furthermore, being stopped because of a loose interruption of one single word, furtive, should not be a reason to frisk someone. A

Are electronic games a legitimate sport Free Essays

First of all I’d like to thanks you all for coming here today. My name is Yang Demount and I am from France. I am an exchange student In Nina university and I am majoring In business administration. We will write a custom essay sample on Are electronic games a legitimate sport or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today we are going to ask ourselves if electronic games are a legitimate sport. I’d like to ask you to keep any questions you may have for the end of the presentation First of all, what is a sport? Sport: Definition Sport come from the middle aged word dessert, which mean distraction, physical or mental pleasure According to sport accord, the umbrella organization for all Olympics and non- Olympics sports, a sport is defined as an activity that have an element of competition is in no way harmful to any living creature do not rely on any â€Å"luck† element specifically designed into the sport Now we are going to see what does make electronic games a sport. ? First, we have to say that we are going to take only a limited amount of video games Statecraft, warrant 3, data, league of legend, counter strike, quake. I only selected ere video games I know, and which are played on computer. Also, I am going to refer Cybernetic Professional League World Cyber Games Major League Gaming Electronic Sports World Cup World exports Games CUP china now WAG Korea MOL North America SEWS France HEM Asia/clan There are also world championships specific to each game. For example, last Saturday, there where the final of league of legend In the staples center, In the united States Because there are competitions, there are also a lot of things which are like traditional sports. TEAM. On league of legend, the best one is SST TTL . Here are also coaches, and transfer between team, just like the football Mercado. Also, as you can see in the team name, there are many sponsors. For example, as I said, tam names are SST TTL, Samsung ozone and NANJING black sword, In league of legend. Those we call sportsman are those video games professionals. And they do train like professional. They play 10-12 hour a day at their game; they have a coach, speak about strategy, counter strategy, and practice hard to be on the top. Exactly like Mess and Ronald would do. Why video games are a mind game? There is a lot of data professional player have to learn by heart. For Statecraft for example, they have to lean all units strength and weaknesses, spells, they have to gather resources and watch their population Limit, create units to attack the enemy base and In the same teamwork and focus. Because electronic games do match the definition of sport, because chess are a mind sport and electronic games requires as preparation and focus than playing chess they have to be considered as a sport. How to cite Are electronic games a legitimate sport, Papers

Emily Dickinson Embraces Death free essay sample

An examination of the poem Because I Could Not Stop For Death by Emily Dickinson. This paper presents a line by line analysis of the poem. The poem is presented at the beginning of the paper and then the writer attaches personal symbolism to certain themes in the poem. The writer shows how Dickinson latches on to an idea and explores it deeply. She is not afraid of death and welcomes it a concept which at first seems remote to the writer but after reading the poem, understands these sentiments. My first reaction to Emily Dickinsons poem Because I could not stop for death, is admiration for the poetic form. It is so perfect in its rhythm and the way the words flow from beginning to end even through images are not immediately clear. Im at once impressed because I can feel that huge ideas are packed into a small space. We will write a custom essay sample on Emily Dickinson Embraces Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is most obvious in the first reading is that the poem is about Death. Death is personified as the driver of a carriage. Death, or the unknown, is being transformed into familiar everyday life. The poem reminds me of Robert Frost because he, too, is a deep thinker on big questions like death, feeling the need to balance the known and the unknown, to bring abstraction into reality, death into life. This poem reminds me of Frosts poem Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, with its famous line, And miles to go before I sleep. Like Frost, Dickinson lines are memorable and epigramatic. Her words sound like great truths or proverbs that we have heard a thousand times. They resound with a sense of truth and completeness, and I wonder, why didnt anybody ever say it like this before.

Data Warehousing as an Information Management Tool

Table of Contents Introduction Data Warehousing Benefits of Data Warehousing SAP Overview Sample Company that has Embraced SAP Technology Conclusion References Introduction This report discusses the benefits that are accrued to companies that have embraced Data Warehousing as an information management tool. The report further looks into the details of the SAP data warehousing solution.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Data Warehousing as an Information Management Tool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sap is a warehousing solution that is currently in use in many prominent organizations around the world and has proved very effective and efficient. This report considers some companies that have embraced this solution, highlighting how they implemented it and some benefits they have registered so far. Data Warehousing Data warehousing involves the collection and storage of information for a given organization in a computer database (Prabhu, 2004, p.1). The information collected is stored or preserved because it can later be used in by the organization especially in planning. All stored information is related to daily happenings in an organization and has some value i.e. can be employed to the benefit of the organization (Prabhu, 2004, p.140). Benefits of Data Warehousing Many organizations have spent a lot of money instituting data warehousing for a number of reasons. Data warehousing ensures that the organization remains steadfast and focused in transforming with the changing technology needs of the time (Hammergren, 1996, p 29). Basically, data warehousing is necessitated by changes in information technology. All organizations have to respond to changes in technology to maintain a competitive edge in their operations. Data warehousing contributes towards a competitive edge by preserving and enabling easy retrieval of historical data for decision making. In data warehousing, information i s stored in an organized way that allows for easy retrieval and triangulating of the data when need for planning purposes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The array of data stored in the warehouse allows the management to focus on the company as a whole instead of focusing on an organization in terms of departments (Hammergren, 1996, p. 33). Through data warehousing, organizations data from different departments is stored centrally as opposed to each department managing its own files. The second benefit of data warehousing is the centralized database. A data warehouse provides an opportunity to have a consistent large amount of information stored under a centralized database. Centralized databases facilitate easier access to all kinds of information. The information is used to solve the organization’s problems towards profit maximization. Further, a centralized data base reduces the costs of computing (Bidgoli, 2004, p.63). Data in a centralized database makes it possible and easy for management to compile reports and analyze trends towards the formulation of policy and other business decisions. When data is stored in dispersed locations, it is harder to bring it all together and start analyzing. The third benefit of data warehousing in an organization is report creation (Khosrowpour, 1999, p. 24). Data warehousing makes it very easy for employees and management to create different types of reports which are vital in an organization. Reports such as financial statements and sales reports, which guide the day to day operations of the organization, are easily put together using warehoused information. In our world of today, data security is a critical aspect of operations in an organization. Data stored in the warehouse is secure (Khosrowpour, 1999, p. 95). Security is enhanced when data is warehoused because the data in the warehouse is entruste d to limited group of people. The data is managed by fewer people than if each department or unit in an organization managed its information. Access to the warehouse is checked or restricted through application of security measures such as passwords and other security checks. The security provided through warehousing ensures that the data remains consistent and up to date; free from interference (Goikoetxea, 2007, p.112). SAP Overview The SAP solution is an ERP solution. ERP are acronyms for Enterprise Resource Planning. An ERP solution outlines a broad set of activities that helps to shape and redefine businesses in the management of vital parts of an organization’s core business. The Structure and the information that is accrued from an ERP system facilitate key performance required for attaining business corporate goals (Nah, 2002, p.12).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Data Warehousing as an Information Management Tool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ERP which means Enterprise Resource Planning is where businesses are integrated with modern technology and business management practices (Nah, 2002, p.197). The integration of business processes with new information technology is critical towards success in the world of today (Bansal, 2009, p. 94). This integration has been transforming businesses to operate in modern information age discarding the traditional way of conducting business or managing organizational resources. Adoption of ERP solution has been beneficial for many organizations because it has enhanced service delivery to both internal and external customers. With a touch of new technology, business processes have been made faster and easier thus improving organizational output (Bansal, 2009, p. 164). The SAP Solution is composed of three aspects; information technology, specific business goals and business management practices (Chorafas, 2001, p. 238). Due to its capability, the SAP is designed to provide much needed integration facility to geographically dispersed businesses across a multi platform with its functional units. This functionality of the SAP Solution is important and advantageous as it supports management executives who are always on the move or who are not stationary to have much needed details to support their decision making wherever they may be (Chorafas, 2001, p. 253). SAP solution architecture or components evolved overtime to enhance a variety of services housed in its individual unit programs. The different functional units of an ERP system have elaborate database and are interlinked as to work in unison under a single umbrella (Grant, 2003, p. 63). For utmost output to accrue, the SAP solution should be integrated with a facility which allows for flexibility, reliability, security and stability. Apart from the mentioned, the system should also have a global focus (Grant, 2003, p. 76).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Integration is vital aspect of a SAP solution, because it brings more benefits and shapes the communication and distribution of information. How the system integrates the different functions in the organization determines how well they interrelate (Leon, 2007, p.7). The efficiency and effectiveness of the interrelations between different units and departments in an organization is what leads to cost reduction and time management efficiency. When time and performance is managed properly with a concern for costs, an organization operates more optimally than otherwise (Leon, 2007, p. 134). A good SAP solution ensures different departments or divisions in an organization are connected. Interconnectivity makes it easy to share files or to access pertinent information. This consequently increases production and performance in the business. SAP solution assists businesses merge their processes from all departments within the organization and consolidate it in a central database (Malaga, 20 05, p. 343). This is achieved without incurring more costs or wasting much time hence making it easy for accessibility and smooth flow of work. Merging is achieved by building a database repository that allows integration with a variety of application software hence presenting business statistics and other information to various departments within the organization (Malaga, 2005, p. 354). To have an ideal SAP Solution, the system should have an ERP structure which is made up of integrated central database repository in a fused environment. Sample Company that has Embraced SAP Technology Pentland is a company located in London, UK. It manufactures Speedo, and fashion branded products. The key challenge that faced Pentland was how to streamline the IT services and business related processes. There was a need to consolidate dispersed systems of their 11 stores globally that they can have a centralized database covering their stores. The benefits that accrued from embracing the SAP solut ion was that it provided support to the company’s growth strategy and it fulfilled consolidation of widely dispersed branches to a centralized pool of information thus improving efficiency in the business market. The implementation went live in November 2005 and later there was expansion to other brands and finally it was rolled out to cover 2,000 more users in 36 countries. Conclusion Organizations can no longer ignore information technology, which changes very fast. Embracing the changing technologies ensures business growth and sustainability in and information intensive age and economy. Adopting Sap which is an ERP solution helps organization to integrate their divisions, departments and units. The Sap solution enables the use of a centralized pool of information thus enabling easier administration, accountability and efficiency. The implementation of a Sap solution in an organization lowers down information management costs and facilitates better decision making. Referen ces Bansal, S., 2009, Technology Scorecards: Aligning IT Investments with Business Performance, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey. Bidgoli, H., 2004, the Internet Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey Chorafas, D., N., 2001, Integrating ERP, CRM, Supply Chain Management, and Smart Material, CRC Press, Boca Roda Goikoetxea, A., 2007, Enterprise Architectures and Digital Administration: Planning, Design and Assessment, World Scientific, New Jersey. Grant, G., G., 2003, ERP Data Warehousing in Organizations: Issues and Challenges, Group Inc (IGI), New Jersey. Hammergren, T., 1996, Data Warehousing: Building the Corporate Knowledge Base, Thomson Computer Press, New York. Khosrowpour, M., 1999, Success and Pitfalls of Information Technology Management, Group Inc (IGI), New Jersey Leon, A., 2007, Enterprise Resource Planning, McGraw-Hill, New York Malaga, A., R., 2005, Information Systems Technology, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Delhi Nah, F., F., 2002, Enterprise Resource Pl anning Solutions and Management, Idea Group Inc (IGI), Pennsylvania This report on Data Warehousing as an Information Management Tool was written and submitted by user Colin Taylor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Current Infrastructure Bottlenecks Of Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essays

Current Infrastructure Bottlenecks Of Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essays Current Infrastructure Bottlenecks Of Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Current Infrastructure Bottlenecks Of Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Air travel is a big and turning industry in the universe as it facilitates touristry, international investing and economic growing and therefore helps in globalisation in many states. Travel for concern and leisure has increased well in last few old ages, except at the clip of recession. Exhibit Business travel has increased due to the unfastened economic system of many developing states which consequences in smooth entry and issue of the companies in footings of their trading policy, clients, investings and supply and production ironss. Developing states besides realized the importance of touristry which brings-in more foreign currency in their economic system and which helps in developing resorts and substructure to pull international tourers thereby increasing the figure of air travelers ( Standford University web site, 2000 ) . The planetary air power industry is expected to turn at a Compounded Annual Growth Rate ( CAGR ) of 5.6 % in the period of 2004-2024. It is forecasted that the major conventional matured air hose markets like US and Europe will hold market portion of 52 % in 2025. Exhibit shows the air traffic distribution all over the universe. At present it is chiefly shared by US, Europe and Asia Pacific states. Exhibit shows the jutting growing rate of these Asia Pacific parts in the period of 2006 to 2025. Therefore, the future growing of air hose industry lies in this Asia Pacific part chiefly China and India. ( LLC, 2007 ) Aviation Industry in Asia Pacific In the approaching old ages, this part is forecasted to be the highest turning part in the universe air power industry. ( Exhibit- sh ows the forecasted informations till 2029 ) . The dynamic nature of economic system is the cardinal factor in this market. The cardinal indexs for the growing of this industry are: GDP Airplane fleet Number of riders Airline traffic Cargo traffic The universe air power industry organic structure International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) had said that bearers in the Asia-Pacific part chiefly India and China have posted highest net incomes of $ 7.7 billion in 2010, catching air hoses in North America and Europe. Emerging markets like China and India have shown great chances for civil air power sector in the recent old ages. The volume of riders and lading has increased by around 7 % in 2010 compared to in the twelvemonth 2006. Freight traffic in Hong-Kong, one of the major lading hubs in the universe has grown by 34 % . Shorter draw winging, including domestic and international travel within the part will turn 7.1 % per twelvemonth. Air cargo growing is estimated to be 6.8 % per twelvemonth during the following 20 old ages. In order to run into the demand of turning riders and lading, the figure of aeroplanes will about triple from 4110 in 2009 to 12,200 in 2029 shown in exhibits ( ) . ( Boeing website ) Indian Aviation industry India is the 9th largest air power market and one of the fastest turning industries in the universe. It has grown by about 400 % in a short span of 6 old ages. Government s unfastened policies have allowed many abroad participants to come in in the market ensuing in growing both in footings of participants and figure of aircrafts. By now, around 75 % of the domestic market is owned by private companies. ( Aviation industry in India, 2009 ) Earlier, air travel could merely be afforded by few people and that excessively chiefly for concern intents. But now, with low menus due to increased demand and competition, figure of riders has increased drastically. The growing rate of figure of riders in India can be seen in exhibit figure. India s civil air power rider growing, at around 20 per cent, is among the highest in the universe. The sector is slated to cruise far in front of other Asiatic giants like China or even strong economic systems like France and Australia. The figure of riders who will be airborne by 2020 is a humongous 400 million harmonizing to Kapil Kaul, CEO, India and Middle East, Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. ( Overview, Indian air power Industry, 2009 ) Noteworthy grounds for monolithic growing of the industry are- Rise in Indian economic system Liberalization of air power sector Low Cost Carrier ( LCC ) flights Government policy of 100 % equity allowance in Greenfield airdromes Low entry barriers Exponential addition in tourist figure due to open sky policy Glamour of air hoses The liberalisation has lead to the entry of private operators for concern chances in India. The air hoses choose an aircraft which is fuel efficient in order to supply low menus. More and more air hoses are looking for fuel efficient aircraft thereby, increasing the competition in the market taking to immense cut in air menus ensuing in monolithic growing of the industry. This growing has increased Indian GDP above 8 % degree. Furthermore, it has besides resulted in the addition in air traffic at a rate of 25 % in the travel section which is four times above international norm. ( Role of air power in Indian GDP ) Servicess provided by Aviation Companies Different types of services are provided by these air power companies: Normal rider scheduled flights Cargo Sevices Charter flights for pilgrims journey in India Heli-sightseeing Corporate jets Executive jets Hence there are different types of clients in the different sections both regional and international. History Indian air power industry was introduced in 1911 with Karachi-New Delhi flight. In 1932, JRD Tata foremost introduced Tata air hoses which in bend converted to Air India in 1946. In 1953, Government of India nationalized all air hose assets and formed Indian Airline Corporation for domestic air services along with Air India for international services. Until 1991, these two companies played monopoly in India. In 1991, Government of India allowed private companies to run hired and non-scheduled air hoses to elate Indian touristry, followed by allowing scheduled services in 1994. After that, major alterations have occurred in this section merely in last decennary i.e. after 2000. ( Aviation Industry in India, 2009 ) The decennary started with merely three place grown participants in the market- Air Sahara, Jet Airways and Air India. In 2003, Air Deccan came into the section and introduced low airfare bearer, doing the common adult male s dream of winging, come true. It created revolution in the industry and many more budget air hoses like Spice Jet, Go Air and Indigo followed to come in in the market in following three old ages. At this clip, Kingfisher air hose was introduced and acquired Air Deccan. At the same clip, Jet Airways bought out Air Sahara. This sudden outgrowth in the air power sector forced authorities to privatise major tube airdromes. Due to so much of denationalization, Air India started doing losingss and Government eventually merged Air India with Indian Airlines. Soon after, planetary crisis occurred and air power industry took a difficult hit. Fuel monetary values soared, air traffic dipped. No company made a net income at this clip and many were approximately to shut their services. By the terminal of November 2009, air power sector has accumulated loss of around 1.7 billion USD. ( A decennary of roars and bust-ups for the air power industry, 2010 ) Current Infrastructure of Indian Aviation Industry Civil air power forms a really of import substructure in hiking trade and commercialism. About 30 % of India s foreign trade is handled by airdromes. Key findings of current Indian air power substructure are- Presently, there are 454 airdromes and flight strips in India out of which, 16 are international and 111 are domestic airdromes. 97 Airports are operated by AAI ( Airport Authority of India ) . A Greenfield airdrome is already operational at Bangalore and one at Hyderabad is traveling to be operational shortly. Delhi s IGI Airport is concern airdrome presently managing an norm of 843 flights per twenty-four hours. Hyderabad airdrome ranked among top five airdromes of India in one-year Airport Sevice Quality ( ASQ ) Survey. It is managed by public private joint venture of GMR group, Malaysia Airport Holding Berhad and State Government of Andhra Pradesh. India presently owns 335 aircrafts which is likely to increase to 1000 by 2020. ( Overview, Indian air power Industry, 2009 ) Air Traffic In the recent old ages, the free flow of goods and services in these emerging economic systems has contributed to increased air traffic and accordingly demand for new aeroplanes related services. Exhibit-2 shows the increasing demand for aeroplanes and their carrying capacity in the following 20 old ages which indicates the hereafter job of air traffic. The demand of the figure of aeroplanes after 20 old ages is about dual as compared to the present degree. From the exhibit, it can be seen that the highest addition in the demand of the size of aeroplanes is in the class of the individual aisle aeroplanes, which means that it will take to a serious job of air traffic and the handiness of airdromes. Harmonizing to Air India, while the domestic market witnessed a growing of 22 per cent in the January-April period this twelvemonth compared to the same period last twelvemonth, its domestic traffic posted a growing of 26 per cent. ( Air India clocks 16.7 % growing in figure of riders, 2010 ) Exhibit 3 shows that there is a direct relationship of GDP of a state to the air traffic in the last four decennaries. Hence, in the underdeveloped states like India wherein GDP is expected to turn at a faster gait, the growing of air traffic is right forecasted to be enormous. Future Challenges: As India have placed the biggest order for aircrafts globally it s an indicant to the addition in the handling problems- Pushing more private participants in airdrome activities Modernization of air hoses fleet to manage the turning competition Rapid enlargement programs for the major airdromes Development of regional airdromes Airline foreign investing and liberalisation stimulates competition, provides riders more picks and lowers ticket monetary values therefore increases the demand for air travel, lending to GDP growing. Recent progresss and investings in this industry show concealed potency and its growing narrative. This growing provides hassle free service to more clients and finishs and creates more occupation chances and growing for several other air power related concerns. Current Infrastructure Bottlenecks of Indian Aviation Industry As seen from the given informations of this study, Indian air power industry is one of the fastest turning industries in the universe. Number of riders in 2009, going through air hose was 393.53 deficiencies. This figure has increased by 18.93 % to 468.09 deficiencies in 2010. This is estimated to be turning to two to three creases till 2020. While the figure of riders and demand for other services are increasing with an astonishing growing rate, the figure of airdromes, aircrafts and overall investing prognosis shows that there is traveling to be immense demand supply spread in approaching hereafter. ( Corporate News, india Infoline, 2010 ) In the 11th Five twelvemonth program ( 2007-2012 ) , the authorities noticed the increasing growing rate of air power industry and taken stairss to better overall substructure of the industry. 11th program showed a monolithic budget for puting in air power industry which is about 3 times more than old one But even after these attempts, the demand is increasing to such a degree in last 2 old ages i.e. after delicate recovery from crisis that substructure is once more going the constriction of the air power industry. ( Eleventh Five Year Plan ( 2007-2012 ) , 2007 ) Key points of current constrictions of air power industry are- Lack of aircrafts- The growing in the first-half of 2010 has been 22 per cent. However, it will non prolong and we think that about 12-15 per cent will be a sustainable 1. Indian air-carriers entire fleet-size presently stands at 335 and at a rider growing rate of 12-15 per centum yearly, they will necessitate 35-40 planes per twelvemonth to run into this demand. India will hold the highest growing in the following 20 old ages on a sustainable footing. Said Dinesh Keskar, Boeing India president. The demand prognosis boulder clay 2020 shows that there will be around 100 million for air power industry in 2020 ( Aviation industry in India, 2009 ) . That means India s air power substructure must be adequate to manage 100 million clients in 2020, which is about 20 times the present 1. The growing rate in air power substructure is far less than required and it does nt look to be carry throughing demand in 2020. And even at present, there is less figure of aircrafts and airdromes. So thi s issue, if non handled decently, will hold a snowball consequence on the industry and traveling to be a major issue in approaching old ages. Lack of skilled manpower- Skilled work force helps proper control and back-up to several schedule/ non-schedule operations. There is a deficit of skilled work force and Air Traffic Controllers ( ATC ) in air power industry, which in bend, leads to a cut-throat competition for employees as a effect of which, rewards rises to an unsustainable degree. It once more hampers the growing of the industry by increasing overall costs of the air hoses and therefore cut downing demand. Another issue of concern of unequal work force is that unskilled or semi-skilled employees are non capable of managing demand expeditiously. This issue besides creates a constriction in the industry. Overall we can state that in approaching old ages, this is traveling to be a large concern for air power industry and will halter growing to a major extent. ( Indian Aviation Industry: Issues A ; Challenges ) Lack of Airports and other related facilities- Due to less figure of airdromes and their single capacities, congestion costs are increasing. Many flights get delayed due to inadequate substructure installations. This in bend, increases the overall operating costs of air hoses ensuing in fewer net incomes particularly for low cost bearers ( LCC ) air hoses. This forces air hoses to increase their menu which is damaging to growing of the industry as increase in menus leads to decrease in demand. Besides, regional connectivity is a large issue in haltering growing of the industry as more and more metropoliss are developing in footings of concern and investings. For illustration, Bhopal, capital of Madhya Pradesh, has a limited airdrome capacity and flights are available merely for Delhi and Mumbai. Other installations at airdromes, like eating houses, besides have limited capacities as compared to demand. Recommendations: Efficient direction of this Airport substructure can be achieved by increasing engagement of private sector Proper coordination with other manners of conveyance for trade and travel should be emphasized Proper universe category substructure need to be done in order to keep the turning demand and guaranting maximal use of available capacities. The development and execution of the modernisation of Air traffic direction will increase system capacity ; lower operating costs for the air power companies, reduces fuel burn, and improves the rider s experience as holds and cancellations are reduced. Due to the deficiency of substructure betterments, capacity restraints will impede industry growing. Giovanni Bisignani, Director General and CEO of the International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) , has called on India to give way to the attempts in determining future air power policies, including environment and commercial freedoms. In a few old ages, Asia Pacific will be the largest individual air power market. India is a cardinal driver of that growing. India s tremendous size makes it an of import market. ( Overview, Indian air power Industry, 2009 ) The Road Ahead Government Actions: A jutting investing of $ 8.5 billion is planned in 11th program for the development of Indian airdromes. Another Greenfield airdrome is planned at Navi Mumbai by public private partnership. Over the following five old ages, Airport Authority of India has planned a monolithic investing of US $ 3.07 billion 43 per cent of which will be for the three tube airdromes in Kolkata, Chennai and Trivandrum, and the remainder will travel into upgrading other non-metro airdromes and modernizing the bing aeronautical installations. The demand for corporate jets in India has gone up well in the past few old ages and is likely to turn double by the terminal of 2011. To further fuel the quickly turning private jet industry, the authorities has programs of developing over 300 excess flight strips in the state. The work will be carried out in a phased mode subsequent to the enlargement and development of 35 non-metro airdromes by 2010. The authorities programs to concentrate on flight strips near major metropoliss in order to alleviate major airdromes from their burgeoning traffic. Additionally, the authorities is besides sing a new policy to allow private flight strips in the state. The Indian civil air power curate, Praful Patel has said that India will necessitate around 300 to 400 private jets in the following three to five old ages. The demand for private jets can even see a growing rate of about 50 per cent on a year-to-year footing. A sum sum of $ 110 billion has been planned to be invested till 2020, out of which $ 80 billion is for adding new aircraft. The air power ministry is be aftering to put the staying $ 30 billion for overhauling the bing airdromes in order to manage the turning figure of riders every twelvemonth. ( Overview, Indian air power Industry, 2009 ) Exhibit 1: Growth of air power industry part wise and its steps hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/images/cmo_overview_chart3_lrg.gif Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/images/cmo_overview_chart3_lrg.gif Exhibit 2: Demand of Airplanes by type ( Worldwide ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/images/cmo_overview_chart2_lrg.gif Exhibit 3: Forecasted growing and portion of fleet hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/images/cmo_asia_pacific_chart2_sml.gifhttp: //www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/images/cmo_asia_pacific_chart3_sml.gif Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/asia-pacific.html Exhibit 4: Direct relationship between GDP of a state and the air traffic growing hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/data/images/p32.jpg Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/data/images/p32.jpg Exhibit 4: Market portion of different Indian air power companies Name of the company Market Share Jet Airways and Jet Lite ( antecedently Air Sahara ) 26.2 % Kingfisher Airlines and Kingfisher Red ( antecedently Air Deccan ) 19.1 % Anil 17.3 % NACIL 17.1 % SpiceJet 13.3 % GoAir 6.9 % Exhibit 5: Market portion of different economic system hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/data/images/p45.jpg Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/data/images/p45.jpg Exhibit 6: Forecasted Traffic volume in 2028 in footings of multiple of current volumes hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/data/images/p53b.jpg Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/data/images/p53b.jpg Exhibit 7: Forecasted traffic volume in footings of Numberss hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/data/images/p55b.jpg Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/data/images/p55b.jpg Exhibit 8: Forecasted air traffic in India web.png Mentions Retrieved from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/airline.asp ) on 14 Jan 2011 Retrieved from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/asia-pacific.html ) Retrieved from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/airlineindustry.html ) Retrieved from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aci.aero/aci/ACIAPAC/Download_Files/Speech_KL_Jun10.pdf ) Retrieved from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ibef.org/download/airport_upgradation.pdf ) Retrieved from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boeing.com/commercial/pdf/geopolitical_trends.pdf ) Retrieved from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ideasfirst.in/Admin/Downloads/Reports/847907347_Final % 20for % 20Company % 20Section.pdf ) Retrieved from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.business-standard.com/india/news/leasing-market-to-fill-demand-supply-gap-in-india-boeing/104119/on ) Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naukrihub.com/india/aviation/overview/challenges/

Procter nd Gmble nd 'Orgnistion 2005' Case Study

Procter nd Gmble nd 'Orgnistion 2005' - Case Study Example HÐ °lf the brÐ °nds were mÐ °rked with potentiÐ °l the growth while the rest were frozen. In Ð ° retÐ °il business more Ð °nd more occupied by privÐ °tely owned lÐ °bel goods, P&G’s top products were hÐ °ving difficulty competing. More Ð °gile competitors were left P&G behind the mÐ °rket by lÐ °unching products, executing mÐ °rketing plÐ °ns better Ð °nd finÐ °lly by fÐ °ster product innovÐ °tion. It wÐ °s Ð °lso thought thÐ °t P&G’s profitÐ °bility wÐ °s being slowed down due to increÐ °sing dominÐ °nce of retÐ °ilers like WÐ °l-MÐ °rt, who controlled the point-of-sÐ °le.In Ð °n Ð °ttempt to reinforce the growth, P&G Ð °nnounced Ð ° corporÐ °te restructuring progrÐ °m, cÐ °lled OrgÐ °nizÐ °tion 2005, in September 1998. The objective of the progrÐ °m wÐ °s to improve P&G’s competitive position Ð °nd generÐ °te operÐ °ting competences through more Ð °mbitious goÐ °ls, enhÐ °ncing greÐ °ter innovÐ °tions Ð °nd dimi nishing time-to-mÐ °rket. This wÐ °s to be reÐ °ched by considerÐ °ble redesign of compÐ °ny’s orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l structure, work processes, culture Ð °nd pÐ °y structures. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tion 2005 design Ð s it wÐ °s Ð °lreÐ °dy mentioned, OrgÐ °nizÐ °tion 2005 is the lÐ °test initiÐ °tive by Procter & GÐ °mble (P&G) worldwide Ð °nd the one thÐ °t defined the next phÐ °se of orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l development Ð °nd growth. ... 2) Plcing Compny's Globl Business Services to stndrdize systems, reduce internl opertions nd better serve customers worldwide; 3) Simplifying Compny's orgniztionl structure to reduce hierrchy nd hurry up decision mking. From the words of P&G Chief Executive Durk I. Jger, the compny ws ment to redesign orgniztionl structure completely, struggle for constnt innovtions through work process, substntil finncil benefits, fster speed of mrket nd greter growth. Under Orgniztion 2005, P&G is chnging from four business units bsed on territoril regions to seven Globl Business Units (GBU) bsed on product lines. This chnge is designed to drive greter innovtion nd speed by emphsizing strtegy nd profit responsibility globlly on mrkets, rther thn territories. P&G lso estblished eight Mrket Development Orgniztions (MDO), the regions whose objective ws to tilor globl mrketing progrms to locl mrkets nd develop mrket strtegies to build compny's entire business on superior consumer nd customer knowledge. Within Orgniztion 2005, P&G lso lunched Globl Business Services (GBS). Its overhed functions such s humn resources, ccounting, order mngement, nd informtion technology were consolidted from seprte geogrphic regions to one corporte orgniztion tht would serve ll GBUs. Finlly, P&G redefined the role of Corporte Functions. Most of the corporte stff were trnsferred to one of the new business units, with the remining stff refocused on developing cutting-edge new knowledge nd serving corporte needs. Costs of the Progrm Orgniztion 2005 involved substntil costs. Of the pproximtely $1.9 billion in costs, $400 million were plnned for 1999, $1 billion over the next two fiscl yers,

You should evaluate the lesson we did what went well, and what didnt Article - 1

You should evaluate the lesson we did what went well, and what didnt. What would you change if you taught the lesson again - Article Example ccess of this lesson plan was that it aimed at sparking interest in students; for example, they were asking to write central ideas and details about their favorite vacation spots in activity 2, leading to the main discussion of the topic. This way, they could view their personal choices in a bigger picture. Graphic organizers were used, which would have proven to be fantastic help for visual learners. Hence, this lesson plan is quite splendid as it encompasses all kinds of students who benefitted through group learning and visual aids. One discrepancy that might get noticed is that it does not include the question-answer session at the end of the lesson. Students must be asked what they learned or what they could not understand, so as to get a better idea about the success of this lesson plan. A short quiz or a question-answer session might just do the task, as it will allow the students to exhibit their understanding of the topic right before leaving the

impacts of the War on Terror on the Policing of US Borders

impacts of the War on Terror on the Policing of US Borders â€Å"Some nations need to be more vigilant against terrorism at their borders if they want their relationship with the U.S. to remain the same† (Former Secretary of State Colin Powell, September 20th 2001). With reference to this statement, critically examine the impacts of the war on terror on the policing of the borders of the United States of America Introduction The 9/11 attacks and subsequent feelings they produced bear many similarities to the Pearl Harbour attacks of 1941 with respect to national identity and patriotism. With both events, the matter of immigration became a prominent issue, especially when considering the concern in America relating to the ‘enemy within’ (Schildkraut, 2002). These concerns manifested themselves in post 9/11 discussions on how best to police the borders of the US. Statements such as, ‘our enemies are hiding in open and available information,’ (Accenture, cited in Kestelyn, 2002: 8) led to calls for greater levels of surveillance, profiling and security, all of which have substantially increased post 9/11. The result has been the rapid expansion of the homeland security market both on American soil and overseas (Amoore, 2006). Rana and Rosas (2006:2) highlight, ‘the mobilisation of the amorphous category of terror, construction of enemy combatants and the collapsing of terrorists with immigrants,’ in creating a renewed fear around borders and illegal immigrants. The scope of the war on terror was expanded in America, where once the threat was considered to be those of Arab, Middle Eastern and Muslim descent, it now spread to include migrants crossing the borders of Canada and Mexico into the US. While Canada has received criticisms from US government officials relating to their border control policies, the focus of this paper will be on the US-Mexico border and in particular the border wall. The post 9/11 expansion of security manifested itself in large parts around the US-Mexico border, culminating in the signing of the Secure Fence Act in 2006 by then President George W. Bush thus allowing for 700 miles of physical barriers to be built along the border. This essay will take the title statement from Colin Powell and discuss how America has become more vigilant post 9/11 and observe the impacts. In addition, while reviewing the range of new measures enacted at the US-Mexico border, this paper will centre on displaying how these measures have been justified by those putting them in place. During these discussions the terms post 9/11 and war on terror shall be used interchangeably as both signify the period of time after the terrorist attacks. History of the Border It is important to note that while border control has long been a primary function of the state, it has been substantially heightened in the wake of 9/11 and the ensuing war on terror (Andreas, 2003). This has been exemplified by The US VISIT programme, run by consulting company Accenture who have created a ‘virtual border.’ This system allows the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to view, regulate and manage the lives of potential visitors (Amoore, 2006), thus preventing any potential threats from coming into contact with US soil (Accenture, 2004). This practice of surveillance and governing multiple aspects of people’s daily lives is a vital component of biometric borders that when all brought together provide ‘a set of unique physical characteristics that can be used to identify you’ (UK Border Agency, 2013). Given the proposed advantages of surveillance, it comes as no surprise that the US, like most modern countries, moved into an age of biopower in which the state regulates its subjects through, ‘an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations’ (Foucault, 1976:140). Biopower has somewhat signalled the delocalisation of the border in that border functions have been separated from the physical border itself (Bico, 2002; Salter, 2004). However, the US-Mexico border post 9/11 illustrates a clear display of sovereign power with increased networks of disciplinary and military institutions at the actual border acting outside and above the normal law (Nail, 2013). The idea of being above the law and exhibiting high profile displays of force at the border is addressed in the subsequent section discussing the state of exception with consideration to the unique nature of the US-Mexico border. The State of Exception The events of 9/11 led to the US government declaring a state of emergency, a period in which policing powers are expanded. Philosopher Giorgio Agamben sees this as enabling the US government to create a state of exception, a legal measure that precludes normative laws (Agamben, 2004). This approach allows for constituents to be declared as homo sacer, the act of taking away basic civil and human rights from the individual. Accenture’s virtual border and the enhanced powers of the DHS illustrate Agamben’s view in that by providing biometric information required for the US-VISIT you are being stripped to a state of bare life. Agamben’s work around homo sacer, the idea he refers to as bare life (1998, 2000, 2005), has led to a number of scholars applying his work to post 9/11 events such as the new security methods applied at the US borders and the shameful actions documented Guantanamo Bay (Butler, 2004, Zizek, 2002, 2004). Undoubtedly, the creation of a state of exception increased calls for tougher border security and led to the implementation of a new 700 mile US-Mexico border wall and a rise in the number Border Patrol agents from 11,156 in 2005 to 20,119 in 2011 (Correa, 2013). While it has been resisted by many of those living along its path (Haddal et al, 2009), the DHS was able to use their considerable power to move, with force if necessary, those who opposed it. Correa (2013) collected data from residents in Cameron County, Texas, who had lost parts of their land or been forced to move with the implementation of the barrier. Resident Debra Langley described her mixed feelings in being forced to lose a substantial part of her farm due to the new border wall. While not wanting to move, Debra classified herself as a patriot and referred back to the days after 9/11 where George W. Bush said: ‘Either you are with us or you are with the terrorists’ (Bush, 2001). This sentiment has allow ed for the DHS to implement many of their expansive border measures such as drones, watchtowers and sensors with limited opposition as people are unwilling to question immigration and border policies for fear of coming across as unpatriotic. Considering the creation of a state of exception and limited opposition to tougher border policing it comes as little surprise that the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act and the National Environment Policy among other environmental laws were waived in favour of constructing the 700 mile fence (Bartholemew, 2008; Correa, 2013). DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff came under a number of criticisms for his role in the implementation of the border wall with The New York Times (2008) saying: ‘To the long list of things the Bush administration is willing to trash in its rush to appease immigration hard-liners, you can now add dozens of important environmental laws and hundreds of thousands of acres of fragile habitat on the southern border.’ The environment has been so adversely affected by the physical barrier of the border wall yet it took until 2009 for the US government to act in trying to asses and restore the damage that has been caused. In criminalising the entire border area, nature was seen simply as part of the border and thus included in the criminalisation process (Nial, 2013). Even with laws being in place and the expected criticisms arriving from pro environmental sections of society, the government still had enough support to move forward with their projects. Collier (Collier, in Correa, 2013) sees the depiction of Mexican immigrants as a threat to the nation by the state and DHS as providing one of the main justifications for the barrier. Equally important is the role of politicians jumping on the immigration bandwagon in their attempts to garner votes during election periods post 9/11 (Correa, 2013); both notions shall be discussed in the remainder of this essay. Politicians US politicians quickly recognised the importance of supporting enhanced security in combatting the war on terror. The focus of attention swiftly turned to the border wall post 9/11 with its effectiveness coming under increased scrutiny. With George W Bush signing the 2006 Secure Fence Act, the impetus was placed on President Obama to follow suit; in 2012 Obama spent $11.7 billion on the wall to secure a number of areas considered at risk (Dwoskin, 2013). The official reason provided by the DHS for building the US Mexico border wall at a cost of $49 billion (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2009) was to stop unwanted migration. However, records since its construction display no conclusive reduction in illegal migration, while in contrast, migrant deaths, incarceration and excessive costs have rapidly increased. Nail (2013:113) describes the barrier as ‘a wall that was built to stop illegal migration, and has objectively failed to do so, yet continues to receive funding and political support regardless.’ While the potential backlash of scaling back the wall discourages many politicians from criticising it, providing support for greater security measures rarely sees a backlash from politicians or the general public. A method of justification discussed previously was depicting Mexican immigrants the greatest threat to America, we shall now discuss how this has developed post 9/11. Migrants The rhetoric of some politicians has undeniably resulted in some US citizens’ xenophobic fears of Muslims shifting towards the US-Mexico border, as it is presented as the new biggest terrorist threat to America (Correa, 2013). The Californian Congress representative Duncan Hunter and Senator John Cornyn provide two examples of high profile politicians calling for greater surveillance and military presence at the border citing terrorism as their rationale (Benett, 2005; Eaton, 2010). This portrayal of the US-Mexico border as a hub of international terrorism allows for the continued justification of militarising border regions in order to ‘protect’ America (Inda, 2006). Although illegal immigrants have been classified as ‘new’ security threats (Andreas, 2003), it is incorrect to believe that viewing them as national security concerns is a new phenomenon (Adamson, 2006). Long before 9/11, migration had been a focus of concern for America going back to th e Cold War when borders began to be far more closely scrutinised. This scrutiny rose significantly post 9/11 with a prominent reason being that securing and maintaining your border are, ‘arguably necessary preconditions for the maintenance of state security in other areas’ (Adamson, 2006:176). While it was thought that the end of the Cold War would signal a reduction in militarised borders (Mearsheimer, 1990), this has not been the case with the US Mexico border post 9/11 where in order to secure and maintain the border, we have seen a spike in amount of military apparatus used as a method of policing. Alongside this, there has been the merging of predominantly geopolitical intelligence work and domestic law enforcement work with the Pentagon taking a far more active role in matters of border enforcement (Andreas, 2003). This has resulted in surveillance of immigrants within the US increasing, especially since discourse on the ‘enemy within’ has risen. Interior policing has also expanded rapidly with 359,000 internal removals made in 2008, up from 180,000 in 2001 (Coleman, 2007). While this would appear to signal more is being done, we can look the role of private companies in operating the US Mexico border and see this simply as the circulation of illegal imm igrants. Politicians classify the border and especially the border wall as being in place to stop illegal migration yet the US government has hired private companies to secure the border. Boeing Corporation, G4S and Wackenhut are three such companies, all of whom, as private companies aim to generate the greatest amount of profit and thus not necessarily stop all illegal migration which would destroy their market (Nial, 2013). This circulation of illegal migrants enables the companies to maximise their profits and allows politicians to utilise the figures from arrests and illegal migrants entering the country to justify the increased levels of policing on the border (Norrell, 2007). Conclusion Looking at the history of policing on the US-Mexico border there have been notable changes since the war on terror began. Correa (2013) notes there has been a level of racial anxiety around the border since the 1920’s (resulting from the simple use/ definition of a border as keeping the enemy out), which has now culminated in the border existing in a ‘permanent state of racial emergency’ (Michaelsen, 2005: 89). The war on terrors’ main impact was the subsequent creation of the quasi- military DHS who facilitated the rapid militarisation of regions around the border, much to the detriment of the region’s nature and human population. Alongside this, it has legitimised groups such as The Minutemen who patrol the border stopping illegal immigrants attempting to cross (Marinucci and Martin, 2005). Considering there are high profile politicians such as John McCain boasting of making the US-Mexico border into ‘the most militarized border since the fal l of the Berlin Wall,’ (McCain, 2013), it appears there will be no subside in the levels of border policing. For any change to occur, the socio-historical construction of the US Mexico border as a violent and threatening area must subside (Correa, 2013). Bibliography Accenture. (2004). US DHS to develop and implement US VISIT program at air, land and sea ports of. Retrieved March 4, 2014, from Accenture. Adamson, F. B. (2006). Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security. International Security, 31(1), 165-199. Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. (D. Heller-Roazen, Trans.) Meridian. Agamben, G. (2000). Means Without End: Notes of Politics. (V. Binetti, C. Casarino, Trans.) University of Minnesota Press. Agamben, G. (2004). No To Bio-Political Tattooing. Paris: Le Monde Diplomatique. Agamben, G. (2005). State of Exception. (K. Attell, Trans.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Amoore, L. (2006). Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror. Political Geography, 336-351. Andreas, P. (2003). Re-Drawing the Line, Borders and Security in the 21st Century. International Security, 28(2), 78-111. Bartholemew, W. (2008). South Texas groups sue DHS to restore environmental laws along the border. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from Sierra Club Lone Star: http://www.texas.sierraclub.org/ press/newsreleases/20080530.asp Benett, W. (2005, December 30). Hunter touts 700-mile border fence. Retrieved March 3, 2014, from North County Times: http://www.nctimes.com/news/article_aaec1e24-c6bd-549e-bcc1-a8ffe647148f.html Bigo, D. (2002). Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease. 27, 63-92. Bush, G. W. (2001, September 20). Address to a joint session of Congress and the American people. Office of the Press Secretary. Washington DC. Butler, J. (2004). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. London: New York Press. Coleman, M. (2007). Immigration geopolitics beyond the US–. Antipode, 39(1), 54-76. Correa, J. G. (2013). After 9/11 everything changed: Re-formations of state violence in everyday life on the US-Mexico border. Cultural Dynamics, 25(1), 99-119. Dwoskin, E. (2013, March 13). Sealing the U.S. Border Would Cost an Additional $28 Billion a Year. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from Bloomberg Business Week: http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-13/the-price-tag-for-sealing-the-u-dot-s-dot-border-isnt-pretty Eaton, T. (2010, March 18). Texas senators ask Obama to help prevent border violence Cornyn, Hutchisonwant Obama to meet them at U.S.-Mexico border. Retrieved March 3, 2014, from Austin American-Statesman: http://www.statesman.com/news/texas/texas-senators-ask-obama-to-help-pre-vent-border-383990.html Editorial. (2008, April 3). Michael Chertoff’s Insult. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from New York Times. Foucault, M. (1976). The History of Sexuality (Vol. 1). Gaskill, M. (2011, August 2). United States border fence threatens wildlife. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from Nature: http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110802/full/news.2011.452.html Haddal, C., Kim, Y., Garcia, M. (2009, March). Border security: barriers along the U.S. international border. Congressional Research Service report for Congress. RL 33659. Home Office, U. B. (2013). Enrolling Your Biometric Information. Retrieved January 25, 2014, from Home Office, UK Border Agency: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/visas-immigration/studying/adult-students/applying-inside-uk/biometric/ Inda, J. (2006). Border prophylaxis: technology, illegality and the government of immigration. Cultural Dynamics, 18(2), 115-138. Kestelyn, J. (2002). For want of a nail. Intelligent Enterprise, 5(7), 8. Marinucci, C., Martin, M. (2005, April 29). Governor endorses Minutemen on border / He parts with Bush on armed volunteers stopping illegal immigrants in Arizona. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from San Francisco Chronicle: http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Governor-endorses-Minutemen-on-border-He-parts-2685866.php Mearsheimer, J. J. (1990). Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15(1), 5-56. Michaelsen, S. (2005). Between Japanese American internment and the USA Patriot Act: the bor-derlands and the permanent state of racial exception. A Journal of Chicano Studies, 30(2), 87-111. Nail, T. (2013). The Crossroads of Power: Michel Foucault and the US/Mexico Border Wall. Foucault Studies, 15, 110-128. Norrell, B. (2007, August 25). Privatizing Misery, Deporting and Imprisoning Migrants for Profit: The Hidden Agenda . Retrieved March 2, 2014, from The Narco News : www.narconews.com/Issue46/article2769.html Office, U. G. (2009). Technology Deployment Delays Persist and the Impact of Border . US Government Accountability Office. Pellegrini, F. (2001, September 28). TIME/CNN Poll: Americans Give Bush a Big Thumbs-Up. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from Time U.S.: http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176815,00.html Rana, J., Rosas, G. (2006). Managing Crisis Post 9/11 Policing and Empire. Cultural Dynamics, 18(219), 218-234. Salter, M. (2004). Passports, Mobility, and Security: How Smart Can the Border Be? Policy in International Studies, 5(1), 71-91. Schildkraut, D. (2002, September). The More Things Change American Identity and Mass and Elite Responses to 9/11. Political Psychology, 23(3), 511-535. UK Border Agency. (2013). Retrieved March 4, 2014, from Enrolling your Biometric Information: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/visas-immigration/working/tier2/ministerofreligion/applying/biometric/ Zizek, S. (2002). Welcome to the Desert of the Real! Five Essays on 11 September and Related Dates. London and New York: Verso. Zizek, S. (2004). Iraq: The Borrowed Kettle. London and New York: Verso. 1

Keynesian and Classical economics

INTRODUCTION:The general theory by Maynard Keynes states that the level of employment is determined by the marginal efficiency of capital, marginal propensity to consume and the real interest rates, he also the level of output and employment is determined by aggregate demand and that the aggregate demand can be increased through an increase in government expenditure.Keynes therefore advocated for government intervention in steering the economy while the classical economist argued that the government should not interfere with the running of the economy, on unemployment according to Keynes theory this problem could be resolved by the use of government policies, the two theorists differ in the causes and the solutions of unemployment, to the classical economists unemployment is caused by excess supply which is caused by high wage rates, high wage rates means low demand and therefore this causes unemployment, therefore the Classical economist believe that the economy should be left to ad just itself until an equilibrium is reached at full employment.Says law was developed by Jean Say who was a French businessman, according to this theory there cannot be demand without supply, according to this law a recession which is characterized by high unemployment is not caused by low demand or lack of money, however an increase in money supply will result to inflation. The Say’s law therefore clearly identifies the difference between the Keynes theory and classical economists in their explanation of the economy.Classical Economists and Say’s law:Classical economist supports Say’s law that supply causes demand and that there is never over supply, the Law states that people will supply things to the economy so that they can get money to buy other goods in the economy that are of the same value they have supplied. This is in line with the classical economists who argue that money does exist in an economy and that money will flow in the economy and this flow o f money flows from the businesses to the people through paying jobs.The classical economist states that the price level is changed by the level of money supply, also that the amount of supply will always be at full employment such that producers will not change the level of supply but will adjust the price levels to achieve the required demand level, therefore because supply creates its own demand then in the long run the economy will be at equilibrium and this means very low or no unemployment.According to the Says law the classical economist therefore defined the model of the economy as follows P X Q = M X V, where P is the price level, Q is the quantity of goods sold, M is the money supply and V is the velocity of money flow. As the level of money supply increases assuming that the level of money supply is constant then the price or the quantity of goods sold will increase. If on the other hand the money supply increases and assuming that the velocity level remains constant then the price level or the quantity demanded will rise, therefore our outcome for the model means that an increase in money supply is inflationally and that an increase in the velocity of money flow will lead to economic development.Keynes Theory and Say’s law:Keynesians dismisses Says law as a false statement, he argues that supply and demand should be separately analyzed, on supply Keynesians says that supply generates income, people will then consume this income, the largest portion of income goes to consumption while the rest is saved, they analyzed the consumption levels of the income in terms of marginal propensity to consume which will rise as the level of income rises.The Keynesian economist therefore considered the model of the economy as Y = C + I + (X-M) where Y is income, C is consumption, I is the investment X is exports and M is imports. The model is further analyzed as C = (a + b Y) where a is the autonomous income level, b is the marginal propensity to consume and Y is the income level.Conclusion:We can conclude that the Says law is the major difference between the Keynes theory and the classical economists, the classical economist support the Says law and also advocate for a free market economy while Keynes argues that the government can solve the problem of unemployment in an economy through an increase in spending to increase the aggregate demand that results to lower unemployment levels.References:Alan Coddington (2003) Keynesian Economics: The First Principles, Rout ledge publishers, US  Alfred William (1991) The Classical Economists and Economic Policy, University of Michigan press, Michigan  George Douglas (1967) Macro-economic Theory: A Mathematical Treatment, Macmillan publishers, US  Steven Kate’s (2003) Two Hundred Years of Say's Law: Essays on Economic Theory's Most Controversial Principle, Edward Elgar Publishing, US  John Fender (1981) Understanding Keynes: An Analysis of the General Theory, Wiley publishers, US

Knowledge is power Essay

â€Å"A man without knowledge is like an idol† –Nidhi So knowledge is life and it gives power to human being which makes him different from the other living organism Knowledge according to Oxford dictionary is ‘’Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject’’ â€Å"No thief, however skillful, can rob one of knowledge, and that is why knowledge is the best and safest treasure to acquire.† ― L. Frank Baum. The Lost Princess of Oz, so the greatest treasure of life is knowledge It is only by knowledge we can discern between right and wrong. If an animal kill a human being we say it’s because it has no knowledge but if a human being kills a human being then he or she is punished as human being has the knowledge that he should not kill other human beings Abhimanyu was the son of Arjuna and Subhadra. Subhadra was the sister of Sri Krishna. He use to tell her of the war techniques once when Abhimanyu was still in th e womb. He was telling her of how to break the challenges of chakra-vyuha but she dozed off but While Subhadra dozed off, Abhimanyu continued to carefully follow Sri Krishna’s narrative of the Chakra-vyuha. But, after talking for some time and not receiving any response from Subhadra, Sri Krishna realised that she was savouring a sweet nap. Sri Krishna, who had at that time come up to the seventh step of the Chakra-vyuha, gave up his narration and returned with Subhadra to the palace. The unfortunate Abhimanyu could never obtain the technique of breaking all the circles in the chakra-vyuha, but whatever he had heard Sri Krishna say, he carefully preserved in his memory. He grew up to be a brave, handsome young man. Many years later, during the Mahabharata war at Kurukshetra, the Kauravas set up a Chakra-vyuha and challenged the Pandavas to come forward and break it. However, only Arjuna knew the technique of doing so but he was fighting elsewhere. At that stage, to save the honour of the Pandavas, Abhimanyu came forward and offered his services for the task of breaking the chakra-vyuha. Despite his incomplete knowledge of the technique he entered the grid and overcame one circle after another until he came to the seventh one, the breaking of which he had no knowledge. Brave and ambitious he was but in vain as he had no knowledge. By this we can come to the conclusion that knowledge is power and half  knowledge can be dangerous We have to be careful in this world when we live as we read about Abhimanyu there are many people with this half knowledge and it can be very dangerous that even it can put our life in risk Mahatma Gandhi says of â€Å"Seven Deadly Sins and one among that is Knowledge without character Man has to spend his life to acquire knowledge but it should be to save the world and not to destroy it as for example nuclear energy is good for man use but if it is used for war it can end ruin the whole world in frac tion of seconds, as the dropping of nuclear bomb during second world war has its pain even today in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Knowledge plays an important role in all spheres of human life and activity. It is a powerful factor which helps man to attain success, power and position in life. There is no doubt that physical strength and money are instruments of power. A man who is physically strong or whose purse is full commands power over others but the power of knowledge is still greater. Knowledge directs his actions and enables him to find the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. It helps him overcome his weakness and faults and face dangers and difficulties with courage and confidence. It gives him mental, moral and spiritual advancement. Besides this, it is through knowledge that man has gained mastery over nature. Man is physically weaker than many animals. He cannot run fast as fast as a panther. He cannot see as far as an eagle can. His sense of smell is weaker than that of a dog. He cannot carry as heavy loads as some beasts of burden do. He cannot fight tigers and lions with his bare hands. Yet he has managed to become the most powerful creature on earth. His po wer comes from knowledge. Those who have wide-range of knowledge and experience can capture power and influence. The possession of knowledge gives them a distinct advantage over the semi educated people. Half knowledge is regarded as ‘the curse of god’ and also it is worse than ignorance. He explored land, water and space by virtue of his knowledge. Man has made progress in all fields starting from science, technology to arts etc. Knowledge gave man the feeling of strength and power. Knowledge develops human faculties. It leads to the excellence of the mind. It enables one to give sound judgment. Education and knowledge are desirable for democracy. We should try to spread the knowledge base in all fields in the masses. In Indian rural scene, the knowledge levels about family, school education, problems of woman. child rearing and other social issues are very  poor. Illiteracy and social backwardness combine to put the rural masses at the receiving end. Lack of knowledge leads to poverty and absence of methods of productivity and economic prosperity. This vicious cycle continues. Restraint, tolerance, understanding and capacity to manage affairs come with knowledge. If knowledge is imparted to our rural children, youth, women and men, they would emerge as the major social power. There is no end to the gaining of knowledge, It is only the foolish man who thinks he knows everything. Modern knowledge is very intricate and wide is scope The soldier, the man of the sword, thought he was the master; but he was really in the hands of the priest, the man of the pen. The pen was mightier than the sword. It was the same in ancient India. The learned Brahmins were for ages the real rulers of Indian States. They dominated the lower, ignorant castes; and their knowledge enabled them to manage the Rajas and Maharajas. Knowledge is not the property of the rich. No class has its monopoly over it. Anyone who perseveres in this endeavour may excel the others. It is not a thing to be bought with riches. Like wealth or beauty, it does not drop in value by time. Knowledge is power because all the power in the world owes to it. The power of knowledge has proved its supremacy over everything. As a whole, nothing benefited the mankind more than knowledge. A giant ship engine failed. The ship’s owners tried one expert after another, but none of them could figure but how to fix the engine. Then they brought in an old man who had been fixing ships since he was a young. He carried a large bag of tools with him, and when he arrived, he immediately went to work. He inspected the engine very carefully, top to bottom. Two of the ship’s owners were there, watching this man, hoping he would know what to do. After looking things over, the old man reached into his bag and pulled out a small hammer. He gently tapped something. Instantly, the engine lurched into life. He carefully put his hammer away. The engine was fixed! A week later, the owners received a bill from the old man for ten thousand dollars. â€Å"What?!† the owners exclaimed. â€Å"He hardly did anything!† So they wrote the old man a note saying, â€Å"Please send us an itemized bill.† The man sent a bill that read: Tapping with a hammer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $ 2.00 Knowing where to tap†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $ 9,998.00 Effort is important, but knowing where to make an effort makes all the difference!